Running Head : globalization and home(a)ism in U .S globalisation and nationalism in U .S[Name of the writer][Name of the institution]Globalization and Nationalism in U .SGlobalization is a comprehensive shift which has completely lately self-contained full momentum . It occurs when the individual dallyor has the chance to characterization with reference to contrasting people wherever they might be located on the globe and requests the globe as a sumful compose of reference . For this to happen a strong range of economic , technological political and ethnical interactive do own to be fulfilled Globalization is the loyalty of these in societal transactionWe argon then talk of the town specialally some a companionable veeration . Changing interplays amongst nationalism , politics , technology and the economy take locating d unmatchable new forms of neighborly relations . This is why orbitwideization means mixtures in basic sociological mental pictures as explore strives to keep pace with the changing globe . In this transformation the piazza and the materiality of the globe as a self-coloured is now a veritable promoter re precedeed in new forms of br other(a)ly organizationClearly a comprehensive re befool of alternates in sociological conjectures nether the intrusion of orbiculateisation extends far beyond the confines just nationalism and other political jazzs . new constitution on globalisation has asserted that it has a grave impact on fond life . Equally it claims a key place for the imagination in the affectionate sciences . victorious those bringing close in concerts together , we propose that globalisation amounts to much than just some other sociological field . We examine three specific cases to establish that it exercises a transformative influence on sociological patternions generallyThat continuing focus on is tranquil secured by relation with a dominant finale . exclusively the other two nonions Frow mentions potentially escape this condition . They be the development of the market and of modern media technology which advert of the creative , potentially disruptive connotations of the old notion of polish . Linked with the idea of the active initiatives of ordinary people , ending takes on an un move quality , in which nonetheless , media , quite than essence , shapes the object of intellectual elicit . The range is blustering for new , non-integrative prep atomic number 18dnesss of the idea of burnish . We fork up an example in Thompson s Ideology and redbrick nuance (1990 ,p . 123By recognizing the mobility of symbolic forms Thompson has activateed to deviceiculate a critique of the integration novel . This has involved the disaggregation of the elder sentiment of coating into its analytical comp iodinnts . Effectively Thompson is reducing the nitty-gritty of subtlety to an hol lowly label since it adds nothing to an synopsis which is conducted in terms of the ideas of meaning , symbolism , symbolic form , and their relations to the fond considerations in which meaning is encountered produced , consumed and so onAt the alike(p) time Thompson recognizes that much(prenominal) an analysis must be seen in relation to the history of the toil and circulation of symbolic forms , by now a global surgical procedure (pp . 198-203 260 . This disaggregation of the concept of destination means its elements mess be severable components in a (commercialized ) media production process on a military personnel scaleFor Robertson the discussion of globalization touches just about either aspect of academic disciplines (2002 ,p . 9 . For Giddens the term must have a key position in the lexicon of the social sciences (1990 ,p . 52 Robertson interprets the concept as referring both to the compression of the piece and the intensification of awargonness of the world as a whole (2002 ,p . 8 . Giddens defines it as the intensification of worldwide social relations (1990 ,p . 64 . both(prenominal) agree that it entails a refocus of sociological lendThe reasons they argue for this be similar . They both propose a historical dimension to show the reflexivity of globalization . The topical anesthetic and the global interact over time to transform social relations Robertson writes of the global field , in which societies , selves and citizenship argon relativized . Giddens has dialectic of global and topical anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic conducted finished new bank generating abstract remainssThe implication is that sociologists consume new elbow rooms of talking and writing about the world beca affair it has changed . Concepts which reflected an older , such as parliamentary procedure , class , state , all suffer hit Giddens notes the difficulty equating order with the nation state (1990 ,p . 64 . Robertson sees globalization stimulating a search for fundamentals underpinning these switch phenomena (2002 ,pp . 174-177They be not alone in finding older concepts in passable . For grammatical case skepticism about the dropfulness of society has been evince by Bauman (2002 ,p . 57 . Clark and Lipset (1991 ) breathed life into old arguments by suggesting that the concept of class had lost explanatory relevance under new conditionsBut Giddens and Robertson offer more than deconstruction . They each in effect suggest a holistic theory of social change in which conceptual transformation is inherent , although thither are striking points of difference mingled with them . Giddens (1990 ) globalization is the flood tide of modernity where technological developments permit social kindreds to be conducted at a distance (disembedding . This leads him to emphasize changes in personal disposition and ideas of self (Giddens , 1991 , 2002 Robertson previses that homogenized modern man injected with a special venereal infection of phenomenological reflexivity (2002 ,p . 145 . By contrast he emphasizes the applicative consciousness involved in globality and the impact that this has on global . He pursues a heathenishist critique of Wallerstein s (1974 ) world-system theory and , despite allusions to compression , accords acidulate significance to technology in general or conversation technology in manicularTo a period their theories of social change explain why Giddens and Robertson do not pursue the idea of conceptual transformation very far They tend towards a one-sided historicism : a vision of a relentless squelch , over centuries , exerted by modernity (Giddens ) or globality (Robertson ) to change society , with the social losing autonomy in the process . But how does one then capture the instinct of dramatically faster recent change marked by the emergence of the idea of globalization ? How does one register the social innovativeness which often prompts technological and pagan changeThe shift to seeing the imagined alliance (Anderson , 1986 ) as the guiding normal for rund social relations represents an valuable step toward the disembedding of comm consonance for it opens the opening night of representing the absent and distant as be integral to the local At the similar time the process of globalization , if hold at all by those concerned with community , is usually understood as having only steriliseed relevance to the communities analyse and , where applicable leading to the homogenization of cultivation (Albrow , 1993 . In adopting such a suspicious or express sequence view of globalization the discussion of changes taking place inside Britain and other westbound nations fails to appreciate the manifold directions in which the ings and imaginings of community are determined by not only more global levels (metropolitan national and international ) just by globalization as a process sui generisAs we have in front noted , Giddens has emphasized the ways by which modem technology enables people to respect social relationships crossways the globe (disembedding ) and the implications of this process for the maintenance of national boundaries and loyalties . spell accepting that the concept of disembedding is illuminating in the specific context of use of symbolic tokens and expert systems Robertson notes that Giddens neglects the fact that social and heathen diverseiation and the accents and conflicts often occasioned by such , including fundamentalistic crusades to dedifferentiate sociocultural systems have been arctic circumstances of recent world history (Robertson 2002 ,. 144The construction of community in a particular neighborhood , hence cannot be examined on the assumption that the local is prior primordial , and more realLocal solidarities and imaginings whitethorn similarly be produced by global processes--a process which is closely dramatically illustrated in the tarrys of migrant workers and their descendants exactly includes others dim down the nation-state . Second generation Bangladeshis in the East End of capital of the United Kingdom , for instance , use up in lively , diverse commentaries on belong which range crosswise numerous boundaries of space and time (Eade , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 . Their sense of being British /Bengali Bangladeshi /Muslim is advised by the links they maintain with others across the UK , other Hesperian countries , their country of origin , other territories and co-religionists (Eade , 1990 Gardner , 1993 . Their his /her stories of where they have come from engage dynamically with interpretations of their present postal service in East capital of the United Kingdom . The companionship which is used in these constructions of belonging is produced and transmitted through telephone conversations , religious ceremonies news accounts , television and radio programs , videos mad music recordings through a global intercommunicate of social and technological linkages . Visits to friends and relatives , interaction with colleagues at work and other forms of community occasion employ this global network to produce region . Their productivity runs couple with the exertion of other locals such as white residents whose narratives of the past and present whitethorn exclude them as foreigners in some instances scarce which in addition draw on global networks to establish the knowledge of who belongs to the locality and the nationTo understand the community , hence , a blast has to be built with an intellectual usance which was formed by our 19th century forebears and which joined community with a vanishing world of traditional solidarities and respects . The current ignorance or suspicion of debates concerning globalization among those who undertake detailed studies of ethnic minorities in Britain , for example , parallels those earlier celebrations of community in opposition to modern society . At the same time the shift in the focus of community studies to the abstract imagined community requires more automobileeful attention to the issue of disembedding in particular than the discussion of diasporic communities hybridity and new ethnicities has so far allowed . At the same time the analysis of globalization necessarily to be located in a deeper empirical investigation of specific situations--one of the undoubted strengths of local community studies and ethnic minority group reports lodge is in the process of being disembedded , in that locationfore , to the finale that we appoint its reconstitution on a non-local , non-spatially bounded basis . The potential was already there in the early formulations of Toennies , but those attributes of community were persistently referred back to the bounded locality . In large part this was because community was i visionized and associated with a disappearing past which was represent as more clearly de exceptional and where people knew where they stood . It was a potent myth to reinforce causes to shape the ever changing contemporary reality , to stabilize the state , contain dis and limit the consequences of seemingly uncheckable forces of modernity . As such it was slowly connected with the myth of cultural integration (Mikel Otazu , 2000 market-gardening : from integration to disintegrationGlobalization or globalizing practices involve , but are not simply reducible to , changes in social and material existences of the modern world such that new connections betwixt places are forged and the world as a whole is articulated as , the appropriate electron orbit in which to pursue marketing , intellectual , environmental and other practices (these include life-planning practices Giddens , 1991 , pp . 5-6 147-148 . There are pro7found implications for the notion of husbandry . Robertson (2002 ,pp . 33 46 ) is quite correct to see the revival of interest in agriculture (Gilmore , 2002 ,. 404 ) as an aspect itself of globalizationFeatherstone in his inception to the collection Global Culture (1990 speculates about the possibility of a global culture , the existence of third cultures , and trans-societal cultural processes , all of which contest lazy connectednesss of culture and national individuality , and simple associations of culture and territorial reserveity although question of globality is not really dealt with . Globalizing processes have raised to the pass of our thought find outs of bs multiculturalism at bottom a locality , and hybrids as products of post-coloniality (Gupta and Ferguson , 2002 , pp . 7-8 . The spoken talk of culture is reflexively involved in the construction of these identities and new hybrid forms (Hannerz , 2002 ,. 43The same kind of emphasis on boundedness and coherence traditionally dominated the sociological treatment of the idea of culture , as yet though this was potentially , and indeed has become , the idea through which the transitory nature of social arrangements can nigh easily be represented Indeed culture has become something of a watchword for those who document the decline of recognizable social entities and the disintegration of society itselfThe source of the shift in sociological interpretation of culture can be found in the inherent tension which was at the heart of Raymond Williams project , to wit . to reconcile the meanings of culture as creative activity and a whole way of life . In the functionalist double of sociology the way of fife tracked the course of community and became its ideal counterpartThis was reinforced by its incorporation in a dichotomy which was celebrated in German social theory , namely amidst Kultur and Zivilisation . The latter paralleled the development of Gesellschaft and was associated with skillful progress . As one much-read theorist of the 1920s impute it when commenting on Oswald Spengler Civilisation is a gift which may pass to wretched generations , culture is a realization which can share but those to whom it really belongs (MacIver , 1928 ,br 437 . The creative aspect of culture was thereof linked with the essential characteristics of a group , embedded in a group , separating it from the wider world , where rationality held sway . Even an image breaker like McLuhan (1962 ) could not resist exploiting the parallelism of community and culture when he invoked the Global VillageArcher (1988 ) argues that culture has been , and shut up is , one of the vaguest and most vacillating of concepts in sociological analysis theless the myth of cultural integration has effected the perceptual as well as conceptual elaboration of culture (p . 2The myth was nurtured above all by the assimilation of anthropological perspectives into the functionalist paradigm for modern societies (Robertson , 2002 , pp . 110-111 . The result was that where instances of minority detachment from mainstream culture were unembellished , the paradigm was pre work ond by engaging in the ethnography of the subculture in which the assumptions of separateness , boundaries and essential nature were reproduced . In other words subculture is offered as a device to recognize conversion , whilst reducing the pluralism of its possibilities by making it an integral part of an merged wholeIn the post-war period the myth of cultural integration has in effect been challenged from the exterior by the development of the field known as cultural studies (Jenks , 1994 , pp . 151-158 . Williams was one of the key figures in its growth . He argued that there were three dominant uses of culture --culture as the process of homosexual graven image through intellectual , spiritual and aesthetic development culture as steep culture and culture as a way of fife . More than once in his work he reflected upon the genuine complexness of the various meanings and use of the term (Jackson , 2002 , and this notion of complexity as a good thing , quite a than a bad thing or a simply irreducible facticity , can also be seen in other work in the cultural studies mode (Jackson , 2002 br. xi . In itself this has entrustd a positive route into the exploration of alternative sources of culture and of challenges to the hegemony of high culture via culture s involvement in the reflexive reconstructive memory of the social . This became the main concern of the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary ethnical Studies , made famous by Richard Hoggart and Stuart HallMore recent work in the cultural studies tradition has tended to focus upon best-selling(predicate) culture defined not (just ) by what sells , but by a sense of the oppositional , which can easily be coded , for example , into the street style of subcultural groups . In the much more mobile streetwise world of Hebdige (1988 ) he uses a conception of culture that challenges the myth of cultural integration . In part of an essay devoted to an analysis of the rapid dollar volume of consumption of musical styles and forms he argues thatIt no time-consuming looks adequate to hold the appeal of these forms . to the ghetto of discrete , numerically small subcultures . For they imbue and help organize a much broader , less bounded territory where cultures subjectivities , identities impinge on each other (Hebdige , 1988 ,br 212This is an important break away from the notion of culture as a way of life . Hebdige criticizes the use of the idea of mass culture and is more likely to use notions of youth cultures or (more peculiarly ) popular culture . But a recent hold shows how difficult it is to avoid introducing the idea of cultural integration by default . Frow has thoroughly criticized the concept of popular culture as conceived by practitioners in the cultural studies field . He argues that the concept of the popular actively elides the distinction amongst three different senses of the popular . The first being the market notion of what we might call capitalist common sense , the second a descriptive notion being all the things that the people do or have done , the third is the sense favored by cultural studies . Frow describes the essential features of this favored notion as follows the relations which define popular culture in a continuing tension (relationship , influence , antagonism to the dominant culture (Frow , 2002 , pp . 26-27These changes in social and material existences demand new forms and modes of analysis , and to some extent this is being achieved (King (ed , 1991 . When Hannerz asserts that there is a world culture he means that the world has become one network of social relationships This world culture is created , he argues through the increase connectedness of varied local cultures , as well as through . cultures without a earnest anchorage in any one territory . These are all , he asserts becoming subcultures . within the wider whole (Hannerz 1990 ,. 237But we can still see the line of work here that these cultures seem to remain (conceptually ) unaffected by internal chores , any recognition of the pluralism within a culture . Rather , they merely respond to a wider cultural frame within which they have their operation and gain their meanings (although Hannerz , 2002 has addressed these issues . In the same volume Appadurai (1990 ) is more successful in mournful us away from the realm of cultures qua culture by exploring a framework for the disjunctures between economy , culture and politics . He analyzes global cultural black markets in terms of five perspectival dimensions , called ethnoscapes tourists , immigrants , refugees , exiles , guestworkers br. 297 , mediascapes , technoscapes , finanscapes , and ideoscapes and develops ideas whereby the swiftness and hallucinatory quality of some aspects of modern societies may be articulated . Near the end of his essay he argues that the aboriginal feature of global culture today is. the politics of the rough-cut effort of sameness and different to cannibalize one another(prenominal) and thus proclaim their successful hijacking of the twin consciousness ideas of the triumphantly universal and the resiliently particular (Appadurai , 1990 , pp . 307-308What is most interesting about this is that , what Thompson (1990 ) called the classical conception of culture is the origin of our modern senses of culture and has set the agenda for all discussions of and in culture (Appadurai , 1990The relationship between the plurality and diversity of particular groups and the psychic unity of human entered into the definition of culture which was supposed to negotiate those very relations , to solve their problematic relationship . Every successive solution to the problem reiterated the relation in specific kinds of ways . Since the modern concept of culture worked in a constant tension between particularity and universality , it could be used to articulate antithetic viewpoints and has resisted operationalization (at least simply for intellectual purposes--see Boyne , 1990 , pp 58-59-- virtual(a)ly it is operationalized , for example , in the activities of global organizations such as UNESCOBut globalization has dramatic effects on that tension in the old concept . The media which nurse world-wide communication possible are disengaged from any primordial bastardly . conversations technology itself promotes the disembedding of community , detaches culture from historical root and becomes the bearer of commercialized symbolic forms so that any cultural integration is more to be sought in media organizations themselves (Hannerz , 2002 ,. 41--though he interprets the use of the non-mass media of fax , telephone , tape recordings , ready reckoner and letter as of crucial importance--p . 46Case StudyThe alienation of individuals from a global culture serves to cotton up those concepts which focus on the individual s active efforts to create and maintain his or her own world . The phenomenology of the surroundings in a globalized world can thus emerge as an uttered testing ground for new sociological conceptualization and with the formulation of the idea of globalization we are now in a better position to appreciate the significance of the phenomenological project as the re-appropriation of meaning by individuals in a world escaping their controlHe criticizes the way the ideal of complete objectivation of meet in a formalized lecture scientific objectivism , sweeps aside the standpoint of subjectivity (Pivcevic , 1970 , pp . 83-92 see also Grathoff , 1987 . He thus anticipates Robertson s unease with systemic or objective explanations of globalization while individual attempts to ferment sense of globalization in their everyday lives are by and large faded out . It was Schutz who later took up Husserl s ideas in his writing on relevancies , the creative impact of the biographical state of individualsWe can take the concept of the surround as one attempt to redress the situation by focusing on the individual s intersubjective experience of the world : in Schutzean fashion how to pay off our world from the world . But to use it today we are bound to take account of the interplay of an increasingly global , often anonymous , structure of society and the attempt of individuals to organize their environs in a self-determined and well-known(prenominal) way By the environs we refer to our ability , but also extremity , of creating our own environment according to our intentions and forever and a day in co-operation and conflict with our fellow-beings . Thus , by the generation and maintenance of a milieu we gain familiarity and competency in received practically relevant orders of everyday life Probably it is this emphasis on the willed activity of the individual which has made the concept resistant to incorporation within the sociological paradigm which gave community and cultures such prominence (Eade , 1997Scheler before developed the conception of milieu within the context of Philosophical Anthropology . He distinguishes between milieu-structure and actual milieu . The first refers to the relatively stable set of values and intentions of the individual which structure our milieu as practical world . The actual milieu however , is linked to the current and transitory content of the practical world . The milieu-structure remains stable , whereas the actual milieu can all in all change (Vaitkus , 1991It was Gurwitsch who then further developed the milieu concept by taking in an implicit knowledge of how to deal with the fellow-being . For him it is the horizon of the situation in the practical milieu-world which predetermines our relationship with the other in a practical way . Since Gurwitsch is mainly concerned with concrete types of milieu-situations and their impact on intersubjectivity , especially the notion of near and far , his analysis provides an entry into encounters in the context of globalization , in , for instance , global cities or social networks based on reckoner networks , etc (Vaitkus , 1991The current sociology of milieu in this tradition is mainly concerned with the maintenance of normality between fellow-beings by forms of prepredicative understanding and their symbolic expressions (Vaitkus 1991 . Special attention is given to types of intersubjectivity which guarantee shared bs and barriers between individual milieuxSince the world comes increasingly together in processes of globalization it is important in helping to delimit Acquaintances and Strangers in terms of relative proximityWhat kind of links are there between global processes and the milieu ? We can start with one of the very obvious results of globalization-- the voluntary and involuntary planetarys (labor migrants , refugees businessmen , athletes , intellectuals . They all must develop the ability to make themselves at home in various places in the world . As we know with Scheler , our milieu-structure is not influenced by a local change , since it is just our actual milieu which changes with mobilityThe increasing mobility of individuals highlights two advantages of the milieu concept : it never had strict blines or culture bounded confine , its territoriality being a function of the individuals values or relevancies . Its situatedness never meant the boundedness of a single locality Milieu rather refers to a focus of our daily routines , distinguished by a higher degree of familiarity and competenceIn terms of the physical we can notice the multiplication of life-centers , both in biographical succession ( parturitionplace , different living-places according to status-passages : education , work retirement , and /or the simultaneous coordination of life-plans and daily routines most more than one localityThis leads to the possibility of extended milieux as the example of the milieu-type of an American expatriate in capital of the United Kingdom might illustrateHis /her milieu centers most the American initiate of capital of the United Kingdom and the Lutheran Church in capital of the United Kingdom , where he /she meets people who share a similar milieu (internationalized families , cosmopolitan life experience temporary employment contracts , rather than around the local neighborhood in which they have come to live . The expatriate gets the appropriate milieu-knowledge for the generation of a stop-over-milieu from other fellow-expatriates who have to deal with the same situation of temporary settlementAt the same time he /she keeps up ties with family-members back in the States and to fellow-expatriates at former workplaces across the globe . So the areas in which he /she feels familiar and powerful are no longer fixed surroundings of a single locality but rather patches (potentially ) scattered across the globe and linked up by abstract systemsThe accompaniment of the milieu however is more clearly expressed in terms of communication at a distance . Even the individual who stays local , can have his /her milieu extended to a global afford by telephone , fax or e-mail . By those means of communication she /he can extend her /his zones of familiarity and competence into a global scope beyond the form-bounded readiness at bowl over . This invites a review of the milieu concept and the notion of adjacent surroundings in terms of Umwelt in the fight of global abstract systems and the impact of technology on the lifeworldAdvocating the link of the conception of milieu with Schutz conception of relevancies to provide better understanding of what we shall call the extended milieu . Both concepts last at a similar epistemological level , so that Scheler s milieu-structure seems to match Schutz system of relevancies . According to Schutz the individual experiences the world as structured according to his /her relevancies (life-plans , projects , tasks ) and correspondingly structured zones of interest , knowledge and familiarity (King , 1990 ,br 141 . The spatio-temporal structuring of these relevancies however is determined by our get at to the world . Schutz distinguishes between the world within potential make pass (attainable or restorable ) and world within actual reach (world of perceived and perceptible objects having as its core-zone the manipulatory sphere , open to immediate interference and modification by bodily movements or artificial extensions of the body (King , 1990 ,. 141 . Schutz himself sees major changes resulting from the use of technical devices (for his time the use of long-range rockets being the most striking example ) which complicate the spatio-temporal structure of the life-world producing a convergency of the world within potential reach and the manipulatory sphere (King , 1990 ,. 141That raises the question of the consequences of an (potential extension of the milieu on other notions of the milieuPresence seems no longer required in the different local extensions of our milieu because we can use global media of communication like fax telephone , computer . They become familiar parts of our milieu , with its extension over space limited , as any other aspect of the milieu , by the personal determination to hold the different fragments of his /her milieu together . The extension of the milieu in this sense means an extension of the concept itself , an increased scope , a refinement of its contents and a differentiation of its varietiesThe possibility of such extended milieux , which are not limited to family or friendship relations , but may be the basis for work and leisure activities too , raises a crucial question of the degree to which the notions of familiarity (with relevant localities ) and normality (with relevant contemporaries ) can be produced and reproduced without face-to-face interaction . Globalization effectively brings the nature of human social relationships under new critical scrutiny . In this respect we sine qua non to make another conceptual innovationTendencies to blow over the milieu or to give it a cosmopolitan or sluice global dimension bring with them a basic problem , when the individual is permanently on the move (as a musician in one of the transnational cultures (sport- and business- journ warmheartednessrs etc . Even the global individual needs a place to sleep , to rest and recover . Sleep needs to be protected and organized , like anything else .
The way of relations with this problem and related problems of everyday needs is through the world-wide cornerstone and maintenance of generalized milieux , by which we mean those places which provide or serve the basic needs of the global individual in an organized and standardize manner . Hotels , fast nourishment outlets , petrol stations , and car rental firms are organized in chains which master to the same standard anywhere McDonalds is the classic example where experience of one in one town allows us to use others anywhere in the world . These places save the global individual from the need to organize , possibly every day another actual milieu to serve his or her basic needs at a different locationThere is an obverse side to this transcendence of the localGlobal Cities as examples of localities which are the target of micro globalization (Robertson , 2002 ,. 54 ) experience the integration of global differences in religion , language , beliefs , clothes into a single locality . Generating a milieu in those places becomes almost a necessity for the individual in to handle the unexpected (Harvey , 1989 pp . 71-72The milieu operates as a zone where the individual gains familiarity and competence , ensures security and relief in certain areas of everyday life , and provides conditions for handling the increasing optionality of a dynamized world . It is his /her milieu which gives the individual original and primary comportment towards the world-context of everyday life and by this makes society possible (Vaitkus , 1991 , pp . 48-56The internationalization of local milieux , associated with the flow of voluntary and involuntary cosmopolitans , which led to all of greater capital of the United Kingdom s thirty-two boroughs becoming more cosmopolitan between 1971 and 1981 (King , 1990 ,. 141 , makes it normal that people with rather different milieux must live together in the same locality . The relativizing of time and space (nearness and farness ) in the milieu concept thus opens critical access to problems of internationalization and multi-cultural communication . The bs and barriers between milieux are always a relatively fluid product of shared effort , work and conflict instead of abstract commitment to a closed culture or community or bond to state commands . It is the other and his /her milieu who is a necessary determination of my milieu and at the same time conditions the scope of my acting in my milieu . At the same time irrespective of cultural commitment there are many people who consider their local milieu as a stopover . In that sense a danger to the local milieu is not the cultural stranger as milieu-- neighbor but the neighbor who doesn t requirement to be engaged in the maintenance of the milieuThe converse is that the hot and dearest persons by birth or by pick live elsewhere in the world or one has moved far from them Families may be extended around the world and with modem communications that dispersal no longer need mean broken contact . The telephoned news of a birth in Washington raises cheers in capital of the United Kingdom and the new grandmother makes hasty arrangements for a transatlantic flightThose who remain tied to a locality feel the impact of globalization also as local milieux become sites for other people s generalized milieux . Again the fast food chains are a good example for this interplay between the local and the global . Although designed for the global traveler rather than for the needs of local residents , their generalized nature equally allows locals to enter . The local character takes his /her place in the nearest McDonalds , finds the discarded news , soulfulness to talk to , and , if s /he is lucky , a salvage coffee . She develops his /her actual milieu within the generalized milieu and brings the global and the local togetherBut the spread of generalized milieux results in an increasingly convertible everyday-life adapted to global needs (Waters , 1994 , pp 211-212 . We can ask whether it is only the character who is individual enough to create a local milieu from a fast food outlet . For local residents these settings are largely associated with the kind of flow of voluntary and involuntary cosmopolitans . The notion of generalized milieux raises a crucial question of the interplay between milieux as zones distinguished by individual competence and familiarity , and everyday life in which we act according to standardized roles and typifications , which needs further explorationLooking at the milieu concept in the light of globalization processes we find it quite effective in handling the phenomenon of increasing global mobility . We find that the disembedding of milieux may result in their (potential extension with global scope while generalized milieux are part of a deliberate process of globalization . Both depend on individuals access to global media of communication and increasing individual mobility . Thus milieux spread and intermingle in a scattered way as loci of individuals local , regional and global relevances , constituting one concrete structuration of the world as a wholeThis is entirely undifferentiated with the fact that culture is now a key concept for social units which have long had minimal territorial associations , namely the large scale corporation (Williams et al , 1989 Hofstede , 1991 . It is valued by the modern business consultant for the essentialist , boundary defining , deep motivating factors that the idea has evoked in the past , with the added factor of imparting a primary elemental force to organisational structure thus effectively conferring charisma on the dark-suited decision maker . It is a pure case of a concept disembedded from its territorial base and reembedded in a communications media frame . But its new venue makes it ephemeral and manipulable , its dimensions altered at will by the modern magician . It is just as alien and external to the individual as high culture was to an nonreader peasantryThe limits to this manipulability and emphemerality can be approached by attempting to articulate the real--existent and emerging--relationships between context and social meaning . Such an analysis might look for to handgrip the different ways in which ideational patterns may be interpreted employed , reconstituted and expanded in a variety of situational circumstances (Robertson , 2002 ,. 111 . How it could relate issues of meaning and structure and also the metacultural codes of societies (Robertson , pp . 34 , 41 ) raises questions of a different of difficulty and regular intelligibilityThe pattern of the coming together of context and social meaning in globalizing processes can be seen in the new network frames constructed by groups and individuals out of travel and non-mass media resources . The variety of new forms of association (computer networks--Whole Earth Electronic Link , GreenNet , KIDLINK , GLOBALink Internet and business computer networks ethnic diasporas exchange students global non-governmental organizations--Amnesty internationalist Friends of the Earth the globality of social movements jet set and brain drain--see Ferencz and Keyes , 1991 Sproull and Kiesler , 1991 Hannerz , 2002 , pp . 46-47 Rheingold , 1994 Stefanik , 1993 Solomos and Back , 1994 ,. 150 ) with different temporalities and spatialities fleeting forms of encounter , in which dense and varied meanings flow are the new forms of dispersed polycentric communities within which it will make sense to speak of culture . Apart from the experience of travel , migration and the transformations of ethnic belonging there is only a limited literature and knowledge of the implications of these forms of association for cultural flow . We have even less sense of the extent to which these associations overlap and wander (see Hannerz 2002 ,. 47 Rheingold , 1994 for the overlapping , interest and quasi-community centred culture of multiple computer networks . This deterritorialized , non-integrationist conception of culture requires empirical research with appropriate methodological analysis which seeks as a key focus to grasp the relationships between modes of globality and modes of compression (Robertson , 2002 , pp . 22 , 28 fn .4Paradoxically the means whereby culture has been globalized themselves influence against anything which could be called a unitary global culture . The locus of culture is severed from either high or low culture locations and its new site is in a contour of mass production . The universality of culture is achieved , equally sunk , through the particularity of megastars (Madonna , Michael Jordan ) and global media events (Live Aid , World cup , Olympics , Gulf War--Mellancamp 1990 D Arcy , 1993 ) and images . Culture can no longer potentially simply encapsulate the historic experience of a people . In that sense it may not be exaggerated to speak of the end of cultureIn each case it is the real life structuration of the social which becomes the focus of concern . From that point of view the attention Giddens has given recently to the idea of the pure relationship as an element in self-help literature is worthwhile , but his own program for structuration theory as he draw it in The Constitution of Society (1984 ) requires more attention to be directed to the making of structures of relationships in the proliferating new social formations which match boundaries and criss-cross the globe . 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