Several Criminological Theories

e., a tendency to look at in "anti kind" bearings much(prenominal)(prenominal) as behavior misconduct, heart and soul abuse, and separate external behaviors, in such families. In other words, in many of the fit, when one twin exhibited antisocial behavior, so did the other (Hick, Krueger, Iacono, McGue & Patrick 1).

The accept also found an increased likelihood for the twins to exhibit similar specific external behaviors, such as alcoholism or drug addiction. That is, where both twins exhibited antisocial behaviors, they also tended to exhibit the same antisocial behaviors. inefficient to establish a genetic link, however, the study concluded, "environmental f deportors such as peer pressure may influence the agency in which a genetic vulnerability to externalizing behaviors is expressed" (Hick, Krueger, Iacono, McGue & Patrick 1). Thus, the study concluded that while there may be a genetically transmitted vulnerability to externalizing antisocial behaviors, the manner in which this vulnerability is expressed - the point antisocial behaviors expressed - essential be the result of environmental factors. Thus, according to this study, while Kyle and Stan exponent share a genetic tendency to act antisocially, whether and how they act so is likely base on environmental factors.

Nonetheless, critics vie that there is, in fact, no way to identify specifically a genetic trait that controls external behaviors such as thes

Kenny, Kyle and Cartman committed a vicious act because they bust the contract that each individual makes with order to ensure an orderly and safe society. In other words, they broke the rules that all citizens of a given society agree to get going by. However, how one decides why they broke these rules and how and to what extent they should be held creditworthy for breaking them depends upon the criminological theory to which one tends to subscribe.

For the most part, the woeful justice system determines penalty for an offense based on a non-deterministic "free volition" model (Littman 1). In other words, the criminal justice system presumes that people know decline from wrong and possess the free go away to choose surrounded by the two (Littman 1).

The system, therefore, views the commission of a plague as based on a rational choice for which the criminal mustiness be punished. This view, of course, is based on the classical free will theories of social contract and rational choice, both of which view the commission of a crime as a violation of the social contract necessary for an orderly and civilized society. Generally, punishment downstairs a system based on theories of free will is based on the belief that swift, severe and certain punishment is the best method of controlling deviant human behavior (Littman 1). The goals of such punishment are to ensure that the criminal is responsible to society for his violation of the contract and to deter future crime (Littman 1).

Still, evidence from the Minnesota twin study and others forces one to consider a genetic basis for antisocial behavior. This information is of particular interests to determinists, or theorists who believe that a person's actions are essentially pre-determined by genetic, environmental and other factors outside their control. Proponents of determinism argue that human beings do not act based on free will, save rather that their actions are determined by often refractory factors that make people who they ar
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