Structure of the Federal Courts

S. citizen. It should be noted that national official official courts can only exercise jurisdiction in the to a higher place cases if Congress confers this office on the courts through grants of jurisdiction. This means that a federal official official case must come within the legal powers of the courts as defined by Article III and be covered by a statutory grant of power by Congress to the courts.

Because of this structure, most cases in the United States are heard in state courts. In 1981, for instance, 26 cardinal civil and criminal cases were heard in state courts passim the country, while only 212,000 such cases were heard in federal courts. State courts heard controversies involving a very wide be given of subjects, while federal courts were limited to those defined under federal powers in Article III. As will be seen below, federal courts are often the subject of appeals by state prisoners, who wall that their constitutional rights were violated.

The Constitution did not establish the refuse federal courts; this occurred with the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789. Of prime importance to legislators at that time was the limitation of federal judicial jurisdiction so that it would not eclipse state judicial jurisdiction. For the first decades of their existence, the lower federal courts were largely limited to hearing admiralty cases and cases involving diversity of citizenship. The federal judges were selected with the advice and consent of the Senate and presided over the federal courts in w

Ball, Howard. Courts and Politics: The Federal Judicial System. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1987.

This is an enkindle description of the Supreme Court, including its responsibilities and its powers. The author focuses upon the decision-making process of the Court the cause of its decisions on American political policy. He does not, however, deal in addition much with specific cases and legal issues.

His approach is that of a political scientist, rather than a lawyer. The book would be more exhaust if he did examine some of the topics which have been at the principal of constitutional law.

Baum, Lawrence. The Supreme Court. Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1981.

During the finally half of the Twentieth Century, some commentators began calling for a late level of federal appellate court to help enshroud the growing load of cases being sent to the Supreme Court. This unfermented appellate court would be national in scope, rather than tied to a particular geographic area, as were the round courts of appeal. It would be able to resolve conflicts between the circuits, rather than instantly applying to the Supreme Court for resolution of the conflicts. However, this idea was not pop and it died during the 1970s. With the death of the national court of appeal, many, including Chief Justice warren Burger, began calling for legislation which would reduce the caseload of the Supreme Court. However, all of these ideas met with slopped opposition and calls for the reform of the federal judicial structure were conquer by 1990.

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